HMPV: the flu-like virus raising global concerns

HMPV illnesses can look like other lung diseases, and making an accurate diagnosis can be tricky.

Over recent weeks, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has gained attention as a rising public health concern.

The viral illness, known for its flu-like symptoms, has seen a surge in cases across China, with India and the UK also reporting infections during their winter seasons.

What is HMPV?

Discovered by Dutch scientists in 2001, HMPV is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the same family as RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) and measles.

While it has likely circulated for decades, its recognition remains limited due to the absence of widespread testing and the similarity of its symptoms to other respiratory illnesses.

Who is at Risk?

HMPV primarily targets the respiratory system and can cause symptoms ranging from mild cold-like issues to severe conditions such as:

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• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Worsened asthma or COPD
• Vulnerable groups include:
• Infants and children
• Elderly individuals
• People with weakened immune systems

Symptoms of HMPV

The virus presents symptoms similar to other respiratory pathogens, making diagnosis difficult without lab tests. Common signs include:

• Cough
• Stuffy nose
• Fever
• Shortness of breath
• In severe cases, hospitalisation is required, particularly for infants or older adults.

How is HMPV Spread?

HMPV spreads through:

• Respiratory droplets (e.g., coughing, sneezing)
• Contact with contaminated surfaces
• Close proximity to infected individuals

The virus follows seasonal patterns, with transmission peaking in late winter and early spring, similar to RSV and the flu.

Global Impact

Despite its widespread nature—most individuals are exposed by age five—HMPV often goes undiagnosed. Unlike well-known diagnostic methods such as RT-PCR or ELISA for other pathogens, routine tests for HMPV remain limited.

Recent surveillance data highlights a rise in hospitalisations, especially among children. In some regions, up to 15% of respiratory illnesses during peak seasons are linked to HMPV. However, inconsistent testing and reporting make it difficult to assess its full impact globally.

Lessons from the Pandemic

With the memory of COVID-19 still fresh, HMPV’s emergence underscores the importance of public awareness and healthcare preparedness to prevent future crises. Efforts should focus on:

• Enhanced surveillance and testing
• Promoting hygiene practices, such as handwashing and mask-wearing
• Protecting at-risk populations

As the illness continues to circulate, increased vigilance and research are critical to understanding and mitigating its impact on global health.