According to the WHO, the international public health threat of influenza A (H5N1) viruses is now low, with infection chances for occupationally exposed groups ranging from low to average.
The global risk posed by influenza A (H5N1) viruses to public health remains low, according to a joint assessment released by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH).
The report highlights that human infections primarily result from exposure to infected animals or contaminated environments.
Human Infection Risk and Current Status
The WHO’s assessment indicates that individuals in occupational groups such as farm workers face a low to moderate risk of infection, depending on local control measures. Despite an uptick in cases, the total number of human infections remains minimal, with no significant global health impact.
Maria Van Kerkhove, WHO’s emerging diseases expert, reported that as of 2024, 76 human cases of H5N1 infection have been documented globally, including 61 in the U.S., primarily among farm workers.
Notably, no evidence of human-to-human transmission has been observed. However, Van Kerkhove warned about the virus’s potential to adapt rapidly, underscoring the importance of monitoring.
Animal-to-Animal Transmission and Economic Impact
H5N1 continues to spread among animals, particularly in regions lacking effective preventive measures. This transmission poses a threat not only to farm workers but also to the global poultry industry, which is crucial for food and nutrition security.
Madhur Dhingra, FAO’s Senior Animal Health Officer, highlighted the virus’s economic consequences, stating that H5N1 has infected over 500 bird species and 70 mammalian species, including endangered animals like California condors and polar bears.
The widespread outbreaks in wildlife and poultry have also led to infections in dairy cattle across 15 U.S. states.
Call for Vigilance and Collaboration
While human infections remain rare, the persistence of animal-to-animal transmission necessitates ongoing vigilance. Global health agencies emphasize the need for collaborative efforts to monitor and mitigate the virus’s impact.
Enhanced preventive measures and ecological awareness are vital to addressing the broader consequences of H5N1 on public health, food security, and biodiversity.